<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">esjl</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Eurasian Scientific Journal of Law</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Eurasian Scientific Journal of Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2959-4197</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2959-4200</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Университет «Туран»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46914/2959-4197-2026-1-3-257-271</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">esjl-898</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ И СРАВНИТЕЛЬНОЕ ПРАВО</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Права и обязанности суррогатных матерей в казахстанской и американской правовых системах: сравнительно-правовой анализ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The rights and obligations of surrogate mothers in the Kazakh and American legal systems: comparative legal analysis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3124-1248</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аблаева</surname><given-names>Э. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ablaeva</surname><given-names>E. B</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.ю.н., ассоциированный профессор</p><p>г. Алматы</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>c.l.s., associate professor</p><p>Almaty</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ablaeva_1981@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Казахский национальный медицинский университет им. С.Д. Асфендиярова</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kazakh National Medical University named after S.D. Asfendiyarov</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3(16)</issue><fpage>257</fpage><lpage>271</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Аблаева Э.Б., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Аблаева Э.Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ablaeva E.B.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://esjl.turan-edu.kz/jour/article/view/898">https://esjl.turan-edu.kz/jour/article/view/898</self-uri><abstract><p>Раскрываются права и обязанности суррогатных матерей в Республике Казахстан и штатах Иллинойс,Калифорния, Колорадо, Невада, Нью-Йорк и Флорида. Сравнительно-правовое исследование показало, что,в отличие от казахстанских суррогатных матерей, американские суррогатные матери обладают чрезмерношироким объемом прав и свобод, вплоть до самостоятельного принятия ими решения о собственном здоровье, сохранении или прерывания беременности, редукции плода, выборе образа жизни, отказа от исполнения договорных обязательств, расторжении договора в одностороннем правопорядке и т.п. Результаты исследования подтверждают, что отсутствие запретов или ограничений в поведении американских суррогатныхматерей противоречит предмету договора суррогатного материнства, каковым представляется вынашиваниеэмбриона, рождение жизнеспособного ребенка и передача его законным родителям, существу обязательствкак создание ею благоприятных условий для нормального течения беременности и внутриутробного развитияплода, а также законным интересам супружеской пары, которые в силу диагноза «бесплодие» имеют прямые медицинские показания к суррогатному материнству и желают иметь ребенка. С учетом положительногоопыта американской правовой системы предложены направления трансформации регулирования правовогоположения суррогатных матерей в Казахстане.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The study examines the legal status of surrogate mothers in the Republic of Kazakhstan and in U.S. states of Illinois, California, Colorado, Nevada, New York and Florida, focusing on their rights and contractural obligations. The comparative analysis reveals a broader scope of reproductive and contractural autonomy for surrogate mothers under the laws of these U.S. states, particularly regarding health and pregnancy, fetal reduction, lifestyle choices and, subject to legal conditions, withdrawal from contractual obligations or unilateral termination of the surrogacy agreement. The results of the study confirm that the absence of prohibitions or restrictions on the behavior ofAmerican surrogate mothers contradicts the subject of the surrogacy contract, which is the carrying of an embryo, the birth of a child and its transfer to legitimate parents, the nature of obligations to create favorable conditions for the course of pregnancy and intrauterine development of the fetus, as well as the interests of the couple, who, due to diagnosed infertility, have direct medical indications for surrogacy and wish to have a child. Taking into account the positive experience of the U.S. legal system, directions for transforming the regulation of the legal status of surrogate mothers in Kazakhstan are proposed.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>суррогатная мать</kwd><kwd>юридические права</kwd><kwd>юридические обязанности</kwd><kwd>юридическая ответственность</kwd><kwd>объем ответственности</kwd><kwd>меры ответственности</kwd><kwd>обеспечение исполнения договора</kwd><kwd>защита интересов</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>surrogate mother</kwd><kwd>legal rights</kwd><kwd>legal obligations</kwd><kwd>legal liability</kwd><kwd>scope of liability</kwd><kwd>remedies</kwd><kwd>enforcement of contracts.</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fern´andez-Villaverde J., Norrick P. Terra Incognita: The Economics of a Shrinking World // Manuscript prepared for Annual Review of Economics. 2026. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-economics-081026-024323.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fern´andez-Villaverde J., Norrick P. (2026) Terra Incognita: The Economics of a Shrinking World // Manuscript prepared for Annual Review of Economics. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-economics-081026-024323 (In English)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Браки и разводы в 2025 году. URL: https://stat.gov.kz/ru/news/braki-i-razvody-v-2025-godu/ (дата обращения: 25.06.2026)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Braki i razvody v 2025 godu. URL: https://stat.gov.kz/ru/news/braki-i-razvody-v-2025-godu/ (data obrashhenija: 25.06.2026) (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Infertility prevalence estimates 1990–2021. URL: https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/a22ced65-46b1-4482-bf85-058719fec649/content (accessed: 25.06.2026)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Infertility prevalence estimates 1990–2021. URL: https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/a22ced65-46b1-4482-bf85-058719fec649/content (accessed: 25.06.2026) (In English)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Horsey K. The future of surrogacy: a review of current global trends and national land-scapes // Reproductive BioMedicine. 2024. Vol. 48, Issue 5. P. 1–16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Horsey K. (2024) The future of surrogacy: a review of current global trends and national land-scapes // Reproductive BioMedicine. Vol. 48. Issue 5. P. 1–16 (In English)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Конвенция о правах ребенка, принятая Резолюцией 4425 Генеральной Ассамблеи ООН от 20 ноября 1989 года. URL: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/childcon.shtml (дата обращения: 25.06.2026)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konvencija o pravah rebenka, prinjataja Rezoljuciej 4425 General’noj Assamblei OON ot 20 nojabrja 1989 goda. URL: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/childcon.shtml (data obrashhenija: 25.06.2026) (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кодекс Республики Казахстан о здоровье народа и системе здравоохранении от 7 июля 2020 года № 360-VI ЗРК. URL: https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K2000000360 (дата обращения: 25.06.2026)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kodeks Respubliki Kazahstan o zdorov’e naroda i sisteme zdravoohranenii ot 7 ijulja 2020 goda No. 360-VI ZRK. URL: https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K2000000360 (data obrashhenija: 25.06.2026) (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кодекс Республики Казахстан о браке (супружестве) и семье от 26 декабря 2011 года № 518-IV. URL: https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K1100000518 (дата обращения: 25.06.2026)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kodeks Respubliki Kazahstan o brake (supruzhestve) i sem’e ot 26 dekabrja 2011 goda No. 518-IV. URL: https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K1100000518 (data obrashhenija: 25.06.2026) (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гражданский кодекс Республики Казахстан (Особенная часть) от 1 июля 1999 года № 409. URL: https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K990000409_ (дата обращения: 25.06.2026)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grazhdanskij kodeks Respubliki Kazahstan (Osobennaja chast’) ot 1 ijulja 1999 goda No. 409. URL: https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K990000409_ (data obrashhenija: 25.06.2026) (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Договор суррогатного материнства от 09 февраля 2021 года № 39.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dogovor surrogatnogo materinstva ot 09 fevralja 2021 goda No. 39. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Договор суррогатного материнства от 17 декабря 2021 года № 2253.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dogovor surrogatnogo materinstva ot 17 dekabrja 2021 goda No. 2253. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Договор суррогатного материнства от 23 августа 2023 года № 2319.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dogovor surrogatnogo materinstva ot 23 avgusta 2023 goda No. 2319. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Договор суррогатного материнства от 06 ноября 2025 года № 3947.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dogovor surrogatnogo materinstva ot 06 nojabrja 2025 goda No. 3947. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Приказ министра юстиции Республики Казахстан от 31 января 2012 года № 31 «Об утверждении Правил совершения нотариальных действий нотариусами». URL: https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/V1200007447 (дата обращения: 25.06.2026)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prikaz ministra justicii Respubliki Kazahstan ot 31 janvarja 2012 goda No. 31 «Ob utverzhdenii Pravil sovershenija notarial’nyh dejstvij notariusami». URL: https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/V1200007447 (data obrashhenija: 25.06.2026) (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Приложение № 1 «Информированное согласие суррогатной матери» к Типовому Договору «Договор на предоставление платных медицинских услуг (ВРТ-суррогатная мать)». [Неопубликованный внутренний документ]. – Алматы: Институт Репродуктивной медицины, 2025. – 8 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prilozhenie No. 1 «Informirovannoe soglasie surrogatnoj materi» k Tipovomu Dogovoru «Dogovor na predostavlenie platnyh medicinskih uslug (VRT-surrogatnaja mat’)». (2025) [Neopublikovannyj vnutrennij dokument]. Almaty: Institut Reproduktivnoj mediciny. 8 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Приказ министра здравоохранения Республики Казахстан от 15 декабря 2020 года № ҚР ДСМ272/2020 «Об утверждении Правил и условий проведения вспомогательных репродуктивных методов и технологий». URL: https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/V2000021816 (дата обращения: 25.06.2026)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prikaz ministra zdravoohranenija Respubliki Kazahstan ot 15 dekabrja 2020 goda No. ҚR DSM272/2020 «Ob utverzhdenii Pravil i uslovij provedenija vspomogatel’nyh reproduktivnyh metodov i tehnologij». URL: https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/V2000021816 (data obrashhenija: 25.06.2026) (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клинический протокол «Кесарево сечение», одобренный Объединенной комиссией по качеству медицинских услуг Министерства здравоохранения Республики Казахстан от 17 марта 2023 года, протокол № 180. URL: https://diseases.medelement.com/disease/кесарево-сечение-кп-рк-2023/17600 (дата обращения: 25.06.2026)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klinicheskij protokol «Kesarevo sechenie», odobrennyj Ob#edinennoj komissiej po kachestvu medicinskih uslug Ministerstva zdravoohranenija Respubliki Kazahstan ot 17 marta 2023 goda, protokol No. 180. URL: https://diseases.medelement.com/disease/kesarevo-sechenie-kp-rk-2023/17600 (data obrashhenija: 25.06.2026) (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Colorado Revised Statutes. Title 19 «Children’s Code». Article 4.5 «Colorado Surrogacy Agreement Act». 2021. §§ 19-4.5-101–19-4.5-116. URL: https://leg.colorado.gov/bill_files/51534/download (accessed: 30.06.2026)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Colorado Revised Statutes. Title 19 «Children’s Code». Article 4.5 «Colorado Surrogacy Agreement Act». §§ 19-4.5-101–19-4.5-116 (2021). URL: https://leg.colorado.gov/bill_files/51534/download (accessed: 30.06.2026) (In English)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">2005 Illinois Code – Chapter 750 Families 750 ILCS 47/ Gestational Surrogacy Act. URL: https://law.justia.com/codes/illinois/chapter-750/act-750-ilcs-47/ (accessed: 30.06.2026)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">2005 Illinois Code – Chapter 750 Families 750 ILCS 47/ Gestational Surrogacy Act. URL: https://law.justia.com/codes/illinois/chapter-750/act-750-ilcs-47/ (accessed: 30.06.2026) (In English)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A sample surrogacy agreement from an Northwest Surrogacy Center. URL: https://media.npr.org/documents/2015/july/Surrogacy_contract_sample_070215.pdf (accessed: 10.06.2026)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A sample surrogacy agreement from an Northwest Surrogacy Center. URL: https://media.npr.org/documents/2015/july/Surrogacy_contract_sample_070215.pdf (accessed: 10.06.2026) (In English)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Florida Statutes. Title XLIII «Domestic Relations». Chapter 742 «Determination of Parentage». 2025. § 742.15 «Gestational surrogacy contract» URL: https://www.flsenate.gov/laws/statutes/2025/742.15 (accessed: 30.06.2026)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Florida Statutes. Title XLIII «Domestic Relations». Chapter 742 «Determination of Parentage». § 742.15 «Gestational surrogacy contract» (2025). URL: https://www.flsenate.gov/laws/statutes/2025/742.15 (accessed: 30.06.2026) (In English)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nevada Revised Statutes. Chapter 126 «Parentage». 2025. § 126.770 «Marriage or domestic partnership of gestational carrier after executing gestational agreement does not affect validity of agreement» URL: https://law.justia.com/codes/nevada/chapter-126/statute-126-770/ (accessed: 30.06.2026)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nevada Revised Statutes. Chapter 126 «Parentage». § 126.770 «Marriage or domestic partnership of gestational carrier after executing gestational agreement does not affect validity of agreement» (2025). URL: https://law.justia.com/codes/nevada/chapter-126/statute-126-770/ (accessed: 30.06.2026) (In English)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Assembly Bill No. 472 – Committee on Health and Human Services. Nevada, 2019, Chapter 188. URL: https://legiscan.com/NV/bill/AB472/2019?utm_source (accessed: 30.06.2026)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Assembly Bill No. 472 – Committee on Health and Human Services (Nevada, 2019), Chapter 188. URL: https://legiscan.com/NV/bill/AB472/2019?utm_source (accessed: 30.06.2026) (In English)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">California Family Code. Division 12 «Parent and Child Relationship». Part 7 «Surrogacy and Donor Facilitators, Assisted Reproduction Agreements for Gestational Carriers, and Oocyte Donations». 2025. §§ 7960–7962 URL: https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=FAM&amp;division=12.&amp;title=&amp;part=7.&amp;chapter=&amp;article= (accessed: 30.06.2026)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">California Family Code. Division 12 «Parent and Child Relationship». Part 7 «Surrogacy and Donor Facilitators, Assisted Reproduction Agreements for Gestational Carriers, and Oocyte Donations». §§ 7960– 7962 (2025). URL: https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=FAM&amp;division=12.&amp;title=&amp;part=7.&amp;chapter=&amp;article= (accessed: 30.06.2026) (In English)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">New York State Department of Health. Gestational Surrogates’ Bill of Rights (pursuant to Child-Parent Security Act). New York, 2023. URL: https://health.ny.gov/community/pregnancy/surrogacy/surrogate_bill_of_rights.htm (accessed: 30.06.2026)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">New York State Department of Health. (2023) Gestational Surrogates’ Bill of Rights (pursuant to Child-Parent Security Act). New York. URL: https://health.ny.gov/community/pregnancy/surrogacy/surrogate_bill_of_rights.htm (accessed: 30.06.2026) (In English)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">New York State Labor Law § 196-b(4-a), Paid Prenatal Personal Leave (eff. Jan. 1, 2025). URL: https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/LAB/196-B (accessed: 30.06.2026)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">New York State Labor Law § 196-b(4-a), Paid Prenatal Personal Leave (eff. Jan. 1, 2025). URL: https:// www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/LAB/196-B (accessed: 30.06.2026) (In English)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">New York Workers’ Compensation Law. Article 9. Disability Benefits (§ 201(9)(B), § 204). URL: https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/WKC/A9 (accessed: 30.06.2026)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">New York Workers’ Compensation Law. Article 9. Disability Benefits (§ 201(9)(B), § 204). URL: https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/WKC/A9 (accessed: 30.06.2026) (In English)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Конституция Республики Казахстан от 15 марта 2026 года. URL: https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K2600000000 (дата обращения: 01.07.2026)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konstitucija Respubliki Kazahstan ot 15 marta 2026 goda. URL: https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K2600000000 (data obrashhenija: 01.07.2026) (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
