On the reasons for the high latency of modern organized crime in the Republic of Kazakhstan

The article discusses the theoretical and practical aspects of improving the effectiveness of countering organized crime in the Republic of Kazakhstan. According to the authors, in order to effectively counter organized crime, timely recognition and establishment of the presence of organized crime is necessary, since it has high latency and is practically invisible to both civil society and the state. The scientific study of such an important aspect of organized crime as its latency will allow us to take a fresh look at the very content of organized crime through the prism of its latency, and will also allow us to develop new methods of its recognition and counteraction, different from ordinary crime. Also, consideration of organized crime through the prism of its latency will make it possible to make changes and additions to the issues of legal regulation of the process of combating organized crime, based on scientific research and their approbation. Timely recognition of organized crime will make it possible to organize an effective fight against it at an earlier stage, which will reduce various risks from law enforcement agencies and possible damage from the actions of criminal groups. The article formulates the main scientific hypotheses of the problem under consideration, as well as specific theoretical conclusions and recommendations for improving the fight against organized crime, taking into account its high latency. The innovations proposed by the authors in the organization of the fight against organized crime in Kazakhstan will contribute to improving the effectiveness of countering organized crime. The purpose of the research is to identify the main factors contributing to the high level of latent organized crime in Kazakhstan, to systematize them, and to propose legal and institutional mechanisms for reducing this latency.

1. Qazaqstan Respublikasynyñ ūlttyq qauıpsızdıgı turaly. Qazaqstan Respublikasynyñ 2012 jylğy 6 qañtardağy No. 527-IV Zañy. URL: https://adilet.zan.kz/kaz/docs/Z1200000527 (ötınış berılgen kün: 25.02.2025). (in Kazakh).

2. Qazaqstan Respublikasynyñ qūqyqtyq saiasatynyñ 2030 jylğa deiıngı tūjyrymdamasyn bekıtu turaly. Qazaqstan Respublikasy Prezidentınıñ 2021 jylğy 15 qazandağy No. 674 Jarlyğy. URL: https://adilet.zan.kz/kaz/docs/U2100000674 (ötınış berılgen kün: 20.02.2025). (in Kazakh).

3. Kriminologija: uchebnik / Pod red. N.F. Kuznecovoj, M. Min’kovskogo. M., 1998. P. 341. (in Russian).

4. Voronin Ju.A. (2008) Vvedenie v kriminologiju: kurs lekcij. M.: Flinta: MPSI. P. 171. (in Russian).

5. Bokov A.V., Solodovnikov S.A., Antonjan E.A. (2005) Kriminologija: uchebnoe posobie dlja studentov vuzov, M. P. 151. (in Russian).

6. Kriminologija / Pod red. Dzh.F.Shelli / Per. s angl. SPb.: Piter, 2003. P. 320. (in Russian).

7. Godunov I.V. (2008) Organizovannaja prestupnost’ ot rassveta do zakata: uchebnoe posobie dlja vuzov. M.: Akademicheskij proekt. 344 p. (in Russian).

8. Dolgova A.I. (2009) Kriminologija, 3-izd., pererab. i dop. M.: Norma. 384 p.

9. Alauhanov E.O. (2012) Organizovannaja prestupnost’ v Respublike Kazahstan: social’nye i processual’no-pravovye aspekty. Uchebnoe posobie. Almaty: Izdatel’stvo «NURPRESS». 152 p. (in Russian).

10. Akimzhanov T.K. Osnovy protivodejstvija organizovannoj prestupnosti na sovremennom jetape (kriminologicheskie i ugolovno-pravovye aspekty). Monografija. – Almaty: Universitet «Turan», 304 p. (in Russian).

11. Bavsun M.V. (2018) Special’nye voprosy souchastija v sledstvenno-sudebnoj praktike Rossijskoj Federacii i Respubliki Kazahstan: uchebnoe posobie. Omsk: Omskaja akademija MVD Rosii. 88 p. (in Russian).

12. Kriminologija: uchebnik / pod obshh. Red. A.I. Dolgovoj. 4-e izd., pererab i dop. – M.: Norma: Infra – M., 2010. 1008 p. (in Russian).

13. Jeminov V.E., Maksimov S.V. (2023) Organizovannaja prestupnost’ i korrupcija: rossijskie realii i puti protivodejstvija: monografija. Moskva: Prospekt. 96 p.

14. Ugolovnyj kodeks Respubliki Kazahstan: prakticheskoe posobie. Almaty: «Izdatel’stvo «Norma-K», 2024. 280 p.

15. Francesco Calderoni, Tommaso Comunale, Gian Maria Campedelli, Martina Marchesi, Deborah Manzi, Niccolò Frualdo. Organized crime groups: A systematic review of individual- level risk factors related to recruitment. URL: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8833286/. (in Russian).