Legal regulation of artificial intelligence: international experience and challenges for Kazakhstan

The article addresses current issues of legal regulation of artificial intelligence (AI) in Kazakhstan in the context of international experience. It emphasizes the absence of a comprehensive legal framework governing the use of AI, despite the active implementation of digital technologies across various sectors of public life. The study analyzes key gaps in the legal system, including the lack of a conceptual framework, ethical standards, liability mechanisms, and national technical regulations. Special attention is given to the regulatory approaches adopted by the European Union, the United States, and China, particularly in relation to risk classification, algorithmic transparency, personal data protection, and human rights. The article also explores challenges related to discrimination, privacy threats, de-anonymization, manipulation of public opinion, and digital inequality. In conclusion, the article offers recommendations for the development of national AI legislation, the establishment of ethical standards, the creation of an independent expert review body, and the training of a new generation of specialists at the intersection of law and technology. The study may serve as a foundation for shaping Kazakhstan’s legal policy in the field of digital transformation and artificial intelligence.

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