Treaty frameworks of international space law and their relevance for Kazakhstan: legal complexities implementation challenges and prospects for reform

This article examines the evolution of the formation and current direction of international space law, analyzes its fundamental principles and current issues. The principles of peaceful uses of space, non-national appropriation, and international cooperation for the benefit of humanity are described as one of the main pillars of this area of law. At the same time, the study pays special attention to new challenges, such as the widespread participation of the private sector in space activities, the development of space resources, ensuring environmental sustainability, and the threat of militarization of space. In addition, the level of Kazakhstan's participation in international space treaties and their implementation in the national legal system is assessed, and the special status of the Baikonur Cosmodrome, gaps in the national space legislation of 2012, and the inadequacy of regulatory mechanisms are analyzed. Based on the comparative legal method and international experience, the article presents specific recommendations aimed at ensuring Kazakhstan's full compliance with international space law, improving the national space management system, and strengthening the country's role as a responsible space state.

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