Legal bases of the Water Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan

The relevance of the research topic is due to the fact that water security in recent years has been included in the list of global risks of modernity, which requires effective water resources management. In particular, in the Republic of Kazakhstan, this issue has been one of the most acute recently. To date, there are a number of unresolved issues at the inter-national level of water resources management in the republic, as almost all freshwater resources of the country are transboundary in nature, and almost half of them are formed on the territory of neighbouring states. The purpose of this study is to analyse the existing problems in transnational water resources management in the Republic of Kazakhstan and to develop directions for their solution. The research methods include normative-legal method, expert, factual method, content analysis, comparison, generalisation, classification, synthesis and analysis. The article presents the state of water resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan at the present stage of development, including those of transboundary nature. The management of water resources of the republic, including at the inter-national level, is characterised, and problems in this area are revealed. Thus, the main problems to date have been attributed to: dependence on transboundary flows from the territories of neighbouring countries, primarily China and Russia, in recent years increasingly polluting rivers and increasing the volume of water withdrawal, significant wear and tear of infrastructure, low level of automation and digitalisation of management, low efficiency of control over the implementation of measures for the rational use of water resources. To solve the problems, recommendations have been proposed and promising directions for the development of transnational water resources management have been considered, which will contribute to improving the efficiency of transboundary water resources use. 

1. Vodnyj kodeks Respubliki Kazahstan ot 9 ijulja 2003 goda No. 481-II (s izmenenijami i dopolnenijami po sostojaniju na 01.01.2022 g.) // Informacionnaja sistema Paragraf PRG.KZ. URL: https://online.zakon.kz/ Document/?doc_id=1042116& (data obrashhenija: 05.02.2022). (In Russian).

2. Ob utverzhdenii Gosudarstvennoj programmy upravlenija vodnymi resursami Respubliki Kazahstan na 2020–2030 gody // Otkrytye NPA. – URL: https://legalacts.egov.kz/application/downloadnpa?id=4275600 (data obrashhenija: 07.02.2022). (In Russian).

3. Proekt Koncepcii razvitija sistemy upravlenija vodnymi resursami Respubliki Kazahstan na 2021- 2025 gody // Otkrytye NPA. URL: https://legalacts.egov.kz/application/downloadnpa?id=12660453 (data obrashhenija: 05.02.2022). (In Russian).

4. Bejsembin K.R., Mynbaev M.S. (2016) Integrirovannoe upravlenie vodnymi resursami Kazahstana // Fundamental'nye i prikladnye issledovanija: problemy i rezul'taty. No. 3. P. 29–33. (In Russian).

5. Bojarkina O.A. (2017) Rossijsko-kazahsko-kitajskie vzaimootnoshenija na transgranichnyh rekah // Izvestija IGU. No. 22. P. 211–216. (In Russian).

6. Gosudarstvennaja programma upravlenija vodnymi resursami Respubliki Kazahstan do 2030 goda: prezentacija // Oficial'nyj sajt Ministerstva jekologii, geologii i prirodnyh resursov Respubliki Kazahstan. URL: https://wecoop.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Marat-Imanaliev-Prezentacija-GPUVR-dlja-AP.pdf (data obrashhenija: 07.02.2022). (In Russian).

7. Zauirbek A.K. (2020) Principial'nye osnovy razreshenija vodohozjajstvennyh problem v bassejne transgranichnoj reki Cyrdar'ja // Sciences of Europe. No. 53. P. 13–27. (In Russian).

8. Informacionno-analiticheskij obzor k parlamentskim slushanijam na temu «Vodnaja bezopasnost' Kazahstana: sostojanie, problemy i rekomendacii» // Senat Parlamenta Respubliki Kazahstan. URL: https:// senate.parlam.kz/storage/536c3d72c4494ae687e43510c22c78f1.pdf?ysclid=kzhxb64cfv (data obrashhenija: 05.02.2022). (In Russian).

9. Lutc M., Kopp S.-D., Vedel' M., Ibatullin S.R. (2016) Obzor politiki i rekomendacii dlja Respubliki Kazahstan v sfere upravlenija transgranichnymi vodnymi resursami. Podgotovlen v ramkah proekta ES/PROON/ EJeK OON «Podderzhka Kazahstana po perehodu k modeli zelenoj jekonomiki», 68 p. // JuNESKO. URL: https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/water/meetings/Water_Convention/2016/Projects_in_Central_Asia/ Activity_1.4.3._Module_1_Political_civi_servants_RUS.pdf (data obrashhenija: 10.02.2022). (In Russian).

10. O tekushhej vodohozjajstvennoj situacii i perspektivah razvitija vodnoj otrasli // Oficial'nyj sajt Ministerstva jekologii, geologii i prirodnyh resursov Respubliki Kazahstan. URL: https://www.gov.kz/ memleket/entities/ecogeo/press/news/details/318809?lang=ru (data obrashhenija: 10.02.2022). (In Russian).

11. Problemy v oblasti upravlenija vodnymi resursami i rekomendacii // Evropejskaja jekonomicheskaja komissija Organizacii Ob#edinennyh Nacij. URL: https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/water/meetings/ Water_Convention/2016/Projects_in_Central_Asia/Review_of_the_main_challenges_of_the_river_basin_ principles_implementation_in_Kazakhstan_and_recommendations.pdf (data obrashhenija: 13.02.2022). (In Russian).

12. Razrabotan i utverzhdjon Plan raboty MJeGPR v mezhvegetacionnyj i vegetacionnyj periody 2021– 2022 godov // Sluzhba central'nyh kommunikacij pri Prezidente Respubliki Kazahstan. URL: https://ortcom.kz/ ru/novosti/1643367864 (data obrashhenija: 13.02.2022). (In Russian).

13. Rybkina I.D., Sivohip Zh.T. (2019) Vodnye resursy rossijsko-kazahstanskogo transgranichnogo regiona i ih ispol'zovanie // Jug Rossii: jekologija, razvitie. No. 2. P. 70–86. DOI: 10.18470/1992-1098-2019-2-70-86. (In Russian).

14. Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes // United Nations treaty collection. URL: https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1992/03/19920317%2005-46%20AM/Ch_ XXVII_05p.pdf (accessed: 07.02.2022). (In English).

15. Discover 5 Top Digital Water Management Solutions // Startus-insights. URL: https://www.startusinsights.com/innovators-guide/discover-5-top-digital-water-management-solutions/ (accessed: 07.02.2022). (In English).