The relationship between the concepts of “law” and “legislation” is a key issue in jurisprudence. Their interpretations vary across legal systems, which impacts their application in national legislation and law enforcement. Given the presence of various legal conflicts and discrepancies in the interpretation of legal norms in Kazakhstan, this issue is particularly pressing. This article examines the philosophical and legal differences between law and statute, their role in Kazakhstani jurisprudence, and analyzes domestic and international approaches, the influence of constitutional norms, and judicial practice. Particular attention is paid to conflicts between positive law and legal principles and ways to resolve them. Practical approaches to understanding these two categories are examined both in Kazakhstan and internationally. It is concluded that law and statute are not identical concepts, as statute, as a formal expression of law, does not always reflect its fundamental principles. The need to improve legislation and law enforcement practices to harmonize law and order in Kazakhstan, as well as to integrate international legal standards and take into account the experience of foreign countries in this area to strengthen the protection of citizens’ rights and freedoms, is emphasized.

The current phase of societal development is defined by the accelerated adoption of AI, which significantly influences labor relations. In the context of digitalization, there is a growing demand for scholarly understanding of the legal, social, and economic implications of AI implementation in employment systems. The objective of this research is to identify the main directions of labor law transformation under the pressure of intelligent technologies and to outline mechanisms for adapting the regulatory framework to new realities. The core idea of the study is tied to analyzing the replacement of human labor by automated systems and shaping effective legal governance tools. The scientific relevance lies in a comprehensive assessment of theoretical and practical dimensions of labor regulation within the digital economy. Its applied value is expressed in recommendations for updating legislation and institutional models. The methodology is based on comparative legal analysis, systematic evaluation of legal norms and judicial practice, as well as content analysis. The results indicate existing gaps in labor legislation, insufficient institutional readiness for AI integration, and the need for formal recognition of new employment formats. The study contributes to academic discourse by offering practical guidance to balance the interests of employers and employees.

This article examines new approaches in the concept of public service management with an emphasis on the relationship between digitalization and organizational ethics. The central theme is the need to move from traditional administration to models focused on citizen engagement, service logic, and digital maturity. Special attention is paid to relevant concepts shaping the modern look of the civil service.: New Public Service (NPS), which proclaims the priority of service to society and dialogue with citizens; Public Value Management (PVM), which focuses on creating public value and multi-pronged management; Agile Public Administration, which involves flexibility, rapid adaptation and implementation of innovative solutions; as well as the concept of Digital Government, which focuses on technological transformation and the use of data. The authors emphasize that effective reform is impossible without the parallel development of an organizational culture based on ethical standards, proactive behavior, and willingness to change. The study suggests considering digitalization and professional ethics as complementary vectors of transformation. The possibilities of introducing flexible management tools into the activities of government agencies are being considered. The conclusion is made about the strategic importance of adapting international experience, taking into account the legal and cultural-historical context of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The article examines the issues of state and legal principles governing the operation of hydraulic structures in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study focuses on current challenges in the water management sector, including dependence on transboundary rivers, the deterioration of existing infrastructure, insufficient digitalization in state water resource management, and the growing impact of climate change. Research has been conducted on urgent problems of state protection of water resources in ensuring environmental safety. Within the framework of the study, particular attention is given to assessing the safety of hydraulic structures, their technical condition, and the compliance of personnel in operating organizations with the requirements and principles established in legislation on the safety of hydraulic structures. Furthermore, ensuring the safety of hydraulic structures implies the development and implementation of measures aimed at preventing accidents at such facilities. By analyzing research in the field of environmental safety, a comparative study of international standards and principles concerning the environmental security of hydraulic structures has been carried out. The authors, while examining international legal acts regulating the operation of hydraulic structures, propose fundamental provisions that should serve as guiding principles for ensuring environmental safety.

This article examines the legal foundations of military authority in traditional Kazakh society. The study traces the origins of military regulations from early nomadic eras Huns, Usuns, and Turks followed by their systematization in Chinggis Khan’s “Yasa” and subsequent development under Kazakh khans Kasym, Yesim, and Tauke. The aim is to identify the core directions and conceptual ideas behind the formation of legal norms governing military administration. The central thesis emphasizes that military legal norms were not only instruments of warfare but also mechanisms for maintaining state integrity, discipline, and social order. The scientific and practical relevance lies in demonstrating how military regulation contributed to building early Kazakh statehood and shaped the institutionalization of governance. The methodology applies historical-comparative analysis, source review, and legal interpretation. Key findings: norms of military responsibility and discipline were formally codified; strict penalties were imposed for violations; military law evolved – from rigid frameworks under Kasym and Yesim to partial liberalization under Tauke. The study’s value is in revealing how military legal culture shaped political structures and served as a foundation for governance in the nomadic state. Practical significance includes the potential use of these findings in modern legal research, military policy, and institutional history.

This article examines fundamental theoretical concepts explaining the nature of income inequality between specific population groups under capitalism. The problem of income inequality extends beyond economic discourse, acquiring a distinctly legal dimension. The effectiveness of income redistribution policies depends largely on the quality of the legal framework governing tax, social, and labor relations, and the level of institutional coherence among government bodies. Today legal mechanisms are crucial tool for ensuring social justice and sustainable development: they define the limits of state intervention in the economy, enshrine forms of social support, and guarantee equal opportunity. Research into legal and institutional mechanisms for reducing inequality is relevant worldwide, where the effectiveness of these instruments depends on their legal coherence and how well the principles of the rule of law are implemented. This article analyzes the experiences of developed and developing countries using various methods and mechanisms aimed at reducing income inequality. On this basis, a set of economic instruments and institutional and legal mechanisms has been established that are appropriate to apply in Kazakhstan to address existing income inequality issues, taking into account the specific features of the state structure of our country, level of socio-economic development and established national traditions.

Improving Kazakhstan’s pension system is a strategic task that ensures financial stability and social protection for citizens. Effective and secure investment of the assets of the Unified Accumulative Pension Fund is of particular importance in this process, as the stability of the economy and the security of future payments depend on it. However, problems remain in this area due to insufficient maturity of legal regulation, low transparency and management efficiency.The aim of the study is to identify legal problems and contradictions in the regulation of pension asset investment, as well as to propose effective mechanisms based on international experience. The study analyses the regulatory framework, state control mechanisms, investment policy principles, as well as recommendations from international organisations and the experience of countries with developed pension systems. The study was conducted in three areas: analysis of the legal basis for investment, comparative study of international experience, and legal assessment of transparency, accountability, and risk management. Comparative legal, systemic-structural, and empirical methods were used. The results showed inconsistencies in legislation, weak independent oversight and limited accountability. The predominance of investments in government securities reduces diversification and asset returns. The recommendations of the study are aimed at improving legal regulation, increasing transparency and efficiency in the management of pension assets, which contributes to strengthening public confidence and the sustainability of Kazakhstan’s pension system.

The topic of digitalization of public administration is particularly important in the context of combating corruption in key sectors, including transport. In Kazakhstan, despite advances in e-government development, the perception of corruption in the transport sector remains high, highlighting the relevance of studying digital mechanisms. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of digital solutions on reducing corruption risks in Kazakhstan’s transport sector and to identify the legal mechanisms necessary to enhance the anti-corruption effect. The scientific significance lies in the comprehensive approach to analyzing digitalization as an element of anti-corruption policy, while the practical significance lies in the potential use of the findings to optimize digital reforms. It has been established that the introduction of electronic document management, automated control systems, and digital monitoring has a positive impact on reducing petty corruption. However, challenges remain in the legal framework for new technologies, technical and personnel resources, and interdepartmental coordination. The study’s value lies in identifying legal barriers and formulating proposals, including the initiative to develop a Digital Code and specialized regulations aimed at strengthening the anti-corruption infrastructure. The practical significance lies in the applicability of the results to improving public policy, creating an effective digital environment, and increasing transparency in Kazakhstan’s transport sector.

The article examines the current state of social and labor rights of migrants in the Republic of Kazakhstan in the context of the growth of migration flows and integration processes in Central Asia. The purpose of the study is to analyze the regulatory framework, identify existing problems and identify areas for improving state migration policy. The scientific novelty of the work consists in a comprehensive assessment of the relationship between international standards and national legislation, as well as in an emphasis on practical mechanisms for protecting the rights of migrant workers. The methodological basis of the study was a comparative legal and systematic analysis, the study of legislative acts, international treaties, statistical data and materials of non-governmental organizations. As a result, key problems were identified: imperfection of the quota system, prevalence of informal employment, limited access of migrants to medical and educational services, insufficient level of state control and integration measures. It is concluded that it is necessary to adhere to a number of international conventions, simplify legalization procedures, strengthen labor inspection and develop social integration programs. The study contributes to the development of legal science and migration policy by offering practical recommendations for improving the protection of migrants’ rights and harmonizing national norms with international standards.

This article discusses the legal means of using electronic payment in contractual relations involving business. At the beginning of the 21st century, the processes of globalization of economic relations and the level of development of information and communication technologies gave people the opportunity to implement the idea of improving non-cash cash payment transactions, excluding numerous queues of people at managers and cash desks of banking institutions, without issuing several copies of payment orders, payment requests and so forth. Cashless transfer of funds made through digital channels without using cash includes various methods, such as payment by credit card, online banking, mobile applications, electronic wallets, and so on. Electronic payments allow you to quickly and conveniently pay for goods and services from a distance. On the basis of a new scientific approach, the point of view was formulated that the contract for the transfer of electronic means of payment has civil law features of an unnamed contract. It should be noted that this type of contract is not enshrined in civil law. Significant indicators of business turnover give grounds for adoption of a separate law on e-commerce, which will ensure the legal conditions for e-commerce: consolidation of rights and obligations of persons engaged in e-commerce; determination of rules for making transactions using electronic documents signed by analogues of a handwritten signature; establishing a detailed payment procedure; also recognition of electronic documents as forensic evidence.

The present article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the legal regulation of the reorganization of a jointstock company in the form of merger (amalgamation) within the system of civil and corporate law of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The relevance of this subject matter stems from several key aspects. These include the inherent complexity involved in accurately categorizing the procedural phases and the requisite documentation. Furthermore, we can consider the importance of establishing consistent as well as unified parameters for describing the scope of authority (competencies) among the respective corporate governance structures. Finally, the demand for defining clear standards governing universal succession concerning the corporation’s full complement of assets, obligations (liabilities), and ownership rights (corporate rights) can be included as well. Doctrinal approaches to succession, limits of liability, time frames, and evidentiary requirements are analyzed. The study also addresses issues of risk allocation, the moment of completion of reorganization and transfer of property rights, as well as the consequences of procedural delays. The results include substantiated conclusions and recommendations aimed at enhancing legal certainty, unifying approaches, and improving merger procedures within the commercial turnover of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

This study examines the essence, legal nature, and practical application of participatory conciliation procedures in civil litigation in Kazakhstan. The relevance of the topic stems from the increasing caseload, the need to relieve courts, and the growing demand for alternative dispute resolution mechanisms. The aim of the research is to determine the structure, effectiveness, and procedural role of participatory conciliation within civil proceedings. Its core idea is to promote a cooperative mechanism enabling parties, assisted by their lawyers, to reach mutually acceptable agreements. The scientific and practical significance lies in demonstrating that participatory conciliation promotes faster, more cost-effective, and humane settlement of disputes. The methodology involves comparative-legal, systemstructural, historical, and analytical approaches. Foreign models from France, Germany, and Canada are assessed and compared to national practices. Key findings suggest that despite significant potential, implementation is hindered by insufficient regulation, inconsistent professional training, and low legal awareness. The procedure helps reduce court workloads and preserve social balance between parties. The study’s value is in identifying participatory conciliation as a tool for humanizing civil justice. Its practical relevance lies in recommendations for legislative refinement, professional training enhancement, and public legal education.

This article examines the prospects of digitalization in the contract law of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study analyzes the dynamics of digital transformation in Kazakhstan and abroad, leading to conclusions and proposals for improving legal regulation. The main goal is to identify the positive and negative aspects of digitalization in contract law and reveal existing gaps in national legislation. The article considers contract law within the framework of the national legal system, taking into account international experience and assessing current government initiatives. Given the rapid global digitalization, it is essential to form a solid theoretical basis for its effective implementation in Kazakhstan. In his address on 09/08/2025, President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev highlighted the importance of digitalization as a key factor in ensuring the country’s competitiveness and integration into the global technological order. The significance of the research lies in proposing a balanced introduction of digital technologies into private law and the creation of a unified regulatory framework for their effective application in contract law. The practical value of the study is reflected in recommendations for developing regulations aimed at legal regulation of digitalization processes in the conclusion of contracts in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Modern artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are creating new challenges for the legal regulation of authorship of works created with their participation. This study is devoted to the analysis of legal criteria for determining authorship created with the help of AI, in the context of Kazakh and international legislation. The purpose of the study is to develop and substantiate the legal criteria determining the authorship of works created using AI, in order to ensure their legal regulation within the framework of Kazakh legislation and harmonization with international standards. Special attention is paid to the criteria for determining authorship, such as creativity, originality, intellectual contribution of a person and the degree of autonomy of AI in the process of creating a work. The study analyzes the traditional concepts of creativity, originality and novelty applied to works created by AI. The scientific significance of the work lies in the systematization of approaches to the legal regulation of AI works with an emphasis on clarifying the criteria of creativity and originality, as well as in developing conceptual frameworks for their integration into the national legal system. The practical significance of the research is determined by the need to form a uniform practice of applying copyright norms in the context of digitalization.

The purpose of this study is to examine current issues in the development of mediation in the Republic of Kazakhstan. In this article, the authors provide an overview of the history of its development, analyzing the concept of mediation. The history of the Kazakh people highlights the similarities and differences between the court of judges a type of justice that includes elements of mediation–and the modern judicial system. A number of proposals are also made for improving the work of mediators: establishing the scope of application of social and commercial mediation, creating conditions for universal access to mediation; defining the forms of mediator activity and developing a corps of competent mediators; and adopting an ethical code for mediators of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The current state of mediation allows us to draw the following conclusions: firstly, the provisions on mandatory mediation procedures for certain categories of disputes, for example, amendments to the Civil Procedure Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan on debt collection; Secondly, increasing the state fee for filing lawsuits; thirdly, legislatively establishing mediator remuneration below the state fee, at a multiple of the minimum monthly calculation index (MCI).

The article considers the institution of probation as a humane alternative to imprisonment in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Kyrgyz Republic. Based on a comparative legal analysis, common features and differences in the legislative regulation of probation have been identified, including its goals, objectives, organizational structure and social support measures. It is emphasized that both countries have consolidated probation as a system of measures aimed at correcting offenders, preventing recidivism and successfully re-socializing persons serving sentences without isolation from society. However, the approaches differ: in Kazakhstan, the probation service is integrated into the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which emphasizes its law enforcement nature, whereas in Kyrgyzstan it is subordinate to the Ministry of Justice and has a more socio-legal orientation. Special attention is paid to juvenile probation, conciliation procedures and post-penitentiary support for convicts, which is more detailed in Kyrgyz legislation. Despite the regulatory consolidation, the implementation of probation is faced with personnel and organizational difficulties. It is concluded that Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan have made significant progress in the development of probation, but its further improvement requires an integrated approach aimed at improving the effectiveness of interdepartmental cooperation and the development of the social infrastructure of probation.

The Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan regulates investigative and covert investigative actions, yet some provisions are formulated ambiguously. This research argues that the current incorporation of covert investigative actions into criminal proceedings does not fully align with the principle of systematic organization of legal institutions. Legal consistency must be ensured not only in the formal structure of statutes but also within their individual components. The study’s scientific contribution is in identifying features of systematicity in investigative and covert procedures. Key outcomes include specific recommendations for enhancing the Criminal Procedure Code». The analysis shows that existing regulations sometimes conflict, compromising the coherence required for legally justified accusations. This work advances criminal procedure theory by clarifying the concept of systematic investigative and covert measures. Practically, the research lays a foundation for a unified approach to interpreting and applying the Code during pre-trial investigations, ensuring clarity, consistency, and efficiency in criminal case handling.

In criminal proceedings, children who appear as victims or witnesses often experience secondary victimization, meaning they suffer further trauma not from the crime itself, but from the response of authorities during the legal process. For instance, a child may undergo renewed psychological stress when compelled to recall the traumatic event while giving testimony or upon being confronted with the accused in person. Repeated interrogations, face-to-face confrontations, and court appearances can inflict additional emotional harm on a minor. The study aims to substantiate the need for implementing special interrogation procedures for child victims in order to prevent their secondary victimization. The research employs a comprehensive approach, including analysis of national criminal procedure laws and international standards on child-friendly justice; a comparative review of practices for interviewing child victims across different jurisdictions; and synthesis of psychological and criminological findings on the impact of criminal proceedings on a child’s psyche. General scientific methods and special methods were used. The special interrogation procedures proposed (creating a child-friendly environment, limiting the number of interviews, videorecording testimonies, etc.) can be implemented in investigative and judicial practice to safeguard the mental health of child victims. Applying these recommendations will help reduce the traumatic impact of criminal proceedings on minors, improve the reliability of their testimony, and ensure compliance with international child-friendly justice standards.

The article examines the use of artificial intelligence technologies in criminalistics within the framework of digital transformation of criminal proceedings and the growing role of digital evidence. The author analyzes the theoretical, legal, and practical dimensions of implementing intelligent systems in the activities of law enforcement agencies, emphasizing issues of algorithm interpretability, data reliability, and accountability for machine-generated results. Methodological distinctions between expert evaluation and algorithmic analysis are clarified, and potential risks related to fairness and the presumption of innocence are discussed. The study reviews international developments in regulating the use of artificial intelligence in criminal justice, including initiatives of the European Union, the United States, and the United Nations. Using Kazakhstan as a case study, the article highlights institutional and technological prerequisites for integrating AI into investigative practice and presents the outcomes of pilot projects by the Ministry of Internal Affairs focused on automating digital trace analysis, visual data recognition, and crime forecasting. The author concludes that transparent and verifiable standards of AI use must be legally established to ensure accountability and protection of rights. The article emphasizes the need for systematic professional training, interagency collaboration, and the creation of a unified national registry of intelligent technologies applied in investigative and forensic work.

The article examines the communicative situation as a key component of forensic linguistic expertise in cases of insult. The relevance of the study is the increasing complexity of verbal interaction in public and digital communication, as well as the need for objective interpretation of disputed statements in legal practice. Special attention is paid to the role of the communicative situation in identifying linguistic indicators of humiliation of honor and dignity and the form of their expression. The purpose of the study is to identify the structural components of the communicative situation and the stages of its analysis in the course of forensic linguistic expertise of insult cases. The research material includes regulatory legal acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation, scientific works of Russian and Kazakhstani scholars in the field of forensic and legal linguistics, as well as the provisions of the new Methodology for forensic expert research of objects containing linguistic signs of insult, approved by the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2025. The study employs methods of theoretical analysis, structural-semantic analysis, functional-pragmatic analysis, and comparative methodological analysis. The results substantiate the necessity of a comprehensive consideration of communicative situation parameters when diagnosing insulting statements, which contributes to greater objectivity and reproducibility of expert conclusions. The findings are of practical significance for forensic expert activity and further research in forensic linguistics.

The article is devoted to the international legal regulation of health insurance and protection of patient rights in the context of the formation of global and regional standards in the field of health care. Universal international acts that enshrine the right to medical care and social protection are considered, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Constitution of the World Health Organization. At the regional level, the documents of the European Union, the Council of Europe and the World Health Organization for Europe are analyzed, which emphasize the need for equal access to medical services and effective protection of patients’ rights. The work compares national models of health insurance and legal support for the protection of patients’ interests using the example of Kazakhstan, Germany and the USA. The author analyzes the differences between compulsory and voluntary insurance systems, the degree of state participation in health care financing, guarantees of compliance with patients’ rights, as well as mechanisms of legal liability for their violation. It is noted that international and regional standards create a basis for unifying approaches in the field of health care and protection of patients’ rights, but their practical implementation largely depends on socio-economic conditions, the level of development of national legislation and the readiness of states for international cooperation. A conclusion is made about the importance of improving the national legal framework taking into account international norms and recommendations, which will ensure a comprehensive nature of the protection of patient rights and strengthen the health insurance system.

The study explores the evolving international regulation of digital assets and the harmonization of global standards aimed at ensuring transparency and mitigating risks to the global financial system. Its main objective is to analyze the policies and legal frameworks developed by key international organizations – The Financial Action Task Force (hereinafter – the FATF), International monetary fund (hereinafter – IMF), The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision regulation (hereinafter – BCBS), The international organization of securities commissions (hereinafter – IOSCO), and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development regulations (hereinafter – OECD) – and to assess Kazakhstan’s compliance with these standards. The research employs comparative legal analysis, synthesis, and normative methods to evaluate the interaction between international recommendations and national regulation. The paper highlights that the FATF focuses on AML/CFT measures, the IMF emphasizes financial stability and legal certainty, the BCBS introduces prudential standards for banking exposure to cryptoassets, IOSCO advocates investor protection and market integrity, while the OECD stresses taxation and information exchange. Through detailed comparative tables, the author demonstrates how Kazakhstan integrates these global standards, particularly through the AIFC framework, though national regulation outside the AIFC remains underdeveloped. The research is both scientifically and practically significant, offering a structured understanding of international approaches and their influence on Kazakhstan’s digital asset regulation. Its contribution lies in mapping the convergence of global and national legal norms, providing policymakers and regulators with guidance to enhance compliance, stability, and investor protection in the digital asset market.

International legal regulation of the illegal use of trademarks plays a key role in the protection of intellectual property rights. Despite the existing problems, such as differences in national legislation and insufficient international cooperation, there are real ways to solve them. Harmonization of legislation, enhanced cooperation and the use of modern technologies can significantly improve the effectiveness of the fight against counterfeiting, contributing to the protection of the interests of copyright holders and ensuring fair competition in the global market. In this article, the authors explore the key international legal mechanisms aimed at combating the illegal use of trademarks. They also examine the key issues and propose possible solutions. Particular emphasis is placed on criminal liability for the unlawful use of trademarks in both CIS member states and several countries adhering to the continental legal system (such as Lithuania, Spain, and Italy). The authors conclude that intellectual property protection in the Republic of Kazakhstan is grounded in a modern legal framework that aligns with international standards. Nevertheless, to enhance the effectiveness of law enforcement, additional steps are required, including increasing the awareness of parties involved in legal relations, strengthening criminal and administrative penalties, and expanding international cooperation.

The article examines the recommendatory provisions of the UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules) on the confidentiality of communication during meetings between convicted persons and prison inspectors, lawyers, and clergy. It analyzes the implementation of these standards in the criminal executive legislation of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan and proposes legislative improvements. The purpose of the study is to identify the specific features of incorporating international confidentiality standards into the national systems of Russia and Kazakhstan and to develop recommendations for strengthening legal regulation. The core idea of the research is to enhance the protection of prisoners’ rights through the consistent application of international legal standards. The scientific and practical significance of the study lies in the comparative analysis of the regulation of confidential meetings, the identification of legal gaps and inconsistencies, and the justification of their elimination. The research methodology is based on comparative-legal, systemic, and analytical approaches. The findings show that Russian legislation provides more detailed regulation of confidentiality, while in Kazakhstan this content is not always clearly defined. The author emphasizes the need to unify guarantees, including visual monitoring that does not violate confidentiality.

The article addresses current issues of legal regulation of artificial intelligence (AI) in Kazakhstan in the context of international experience. It emphasizes the absence of a comprehensive legal framework governing the use of AI, despite the active implementation of digital technologies across various sectors of public life. The study analyzes key gaps in the legal system, including the lack of a conceptual framework, ethical standards, liability mechanisms, and national technical regulations. Special attention is given to the regulatory approaches adopted by the European Union, the United States, and China, particularly in relation to risk classification, algorithmic transparency, personal data protection, and human rights. The article also explores challenges related to discrimination, privacy threats, de-anonymization, manipulation of public opinion, and digital inequality. In conclusion, the article offers recommendations for the development of national AI legislation, the establishment of ethical standards, the creation of an independent expert review body, and the training of a new generation of specialists at the intersection of law and technology. The study may serve as a foundation for shaping Kazakhstan’s legal policy in the field of digital transformation and artificial intelligence.